Coverage › CVE-2025-31161
CVE-2025-31161 Mapped Sigma
CrushFTP Authentication Bypass Vulnerability
- Vendor / product
- CrushFTP — CrushFTP
- Description (CISA)
- CrushFTP contains an authentication bypass vulnerability in the HTTP authorization header that allows a remote unauthenticated attacker to authenticate to any known or guessable user account (e.g., crushadmin), potentially leading to a full compromise.
- Added to KEV
- 2025-04-07
- Due date
- 2025-04-28
- Required action
- Apply mitigations per vendor instructions, follow applicable BOD 22-01 guidance for cloud services, or discontinue use of the product if mitigations are unavailable.
- Known ransomware use
- Known
- CWE
- CWE-305
- CISA notes
- https://www.crushftp.com/crush11wiki/Wiki.jsp?page=Update
https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-31161 - Elsewhere
- cve.org · NVD · CISA KEV · JSON
ATT&CK techniques · CTID Mappings Explorer, ATT&CK 16.1, KEV snapshot 2025-07-28
3 mapping objects across 3 techniques. exploitation technique states how the vulnerability is exploited; primary and secondary impact state what exploitation achieves. They are different claims and are labelled as such.
| Technique | Mapping type | CTID comment | Status in v19.2 |
|---|---|---|---|
| T1078 Valid Accounts | exploitation technique | This vulnerability in CrushFTP has been exploited to give attackers control how the software handles authentication, allowing access to the administrative account. From there, attackers have the ability to read and upload files, execute arbitrary code, create backdoors in the form of new administrative accounts, and conduct a full system takeover. ref 1 |
live |
| T1059 Command and Scripting Interpreter | primary impact | This vulnerability in CrushFTP has been exploited to give attackers control how the software handles authentication, allowing access to the administrative account. From there, attackers have the ability to read and upload files, execute arbitrary code, create backdoors in the form of new administrative accounts, and conduct a full system takeover. ref 1 |
live |
| T1136 Create Account | primary impact | This vulnerability in CrushFTP has been exploited to give attackers control how the software handles authentication, allowing access to the administrative account. From there, attackers have the ability to read and upload files, execute arbitrary code, create backdoors in the form of new administrative accounts, and conduct a full system takeover. ref 1 |
live |
Detection chain · ATT&CK Enterprise v19.2 detection strategies, analytics, log sources
T1059 Command and Scripting Interpreter primary impact
- DET0516 Behavioral Detection of Command and Scripting Interpreter Abuse
AN1428 WindowsDetects the execution of scripting or command interpreters (e.g., powershell.exe, cmd.exe, wscript.exe) outside expected administrative time windows or from abnormal user contexts, often followed by encoded/obfuscated arguments or secondary execution events.Tunable:
CommandLinePatternParentProcessNameTimeWindowAN1429 LinuxDetects use of shell interpreters (e.g., bash, sh, python, perl) initiated by users or processes not normally executing them, especially when chaining suspicious utilities like netcat, curl, or ssh.Tunable:InterpreterNameUserContextExecutionChainLengthAN1430 macOSDetects launch of command-line interpreters via Terminal, Automator, or hiddenosascript, especially when parent process lineage deviates from user-initiated applications.macos:unifiedloglog stream --info --predicate 'eventMessage CONTAINS "exec"'→ DC0032 Process CreationTunable:LaunchAgentNameScriptNameTerminalAppUsageAN1431 ESXiDetects use of 'esxcli system' or direct interpreter commands (e.g., busybox shell) invoked from SSH or host terminal unexpectedly.Tunable:ShellEnabledFlagSSHContextAN1432 Network DevicesIdentifies CLI interpreter access (e.g., Cisco IOS, Juniper JUNOS) viaenablemode or scripting-capable sessions used by uncommon accounts or from unknown IPs.Tunable:UserRoleDeviceType
Sigma rules tagged attack.t1059 (95)
Author: Sohan G (D4rkCiph3r)
· 2023-04-05 · logsource: product=macos category=process_creation · 0250638a-2b28-4541-86fc-ea4c558fa0c6
Detects suspicious child processes spawned from browsers. This could be a result of a potential web browser exploitation.
Author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems)
· 2023-04-17 · logsource: product=windows category=process_creation · 05ebafc8-7aa2-4bcd-a269-2aec93f9e842
Detects usage of winget to add new additional download sources
Author: Victor Sergeev, oscd.community
· 2020-10-09 (modified 2024-04-23) · logsource: product=windows category=process_creation · 06b401f4-107c-4ff9-947f-9ec1e7649f1e
Detects execution of "ftp.exe" script with the "-s" or "/s" flag and any child processes ran by "ftp.exe".
Author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems), E.M. Anhaus (originally from Atomic Blue Detections, Endgame), oscd.community
· 2022-06-14 (modified 2023-01-04) · logsource: product=windows category=process_creation · 0955e4e1-c281-4fb9-9ee1-5ee7b4b754d2
Detects execition of commands and binaries from the context of The program compatibility assistant (Pcalua.exe). This can be used as a LOLBIN in order to bypass application whitelisting.
Author: Swachchhanda Shrawan Poudel (Nextron Systems)
· 2025-11-25 · logsource: product=linux category=process_creation · 11bb9b26-4179-4a06-afcb-1ec31fce1627
Detects potential Shai-Hulud malware indicators based on specific command line arguments associated with its execution.
Author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems), Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems)
· 2022-02-08 (modified 2026-02-17) · logsource: product=windows category=process_creation · 1228c958-e64e-4e71-92ad-7d429f4138ba
Detects suspicious script execution from suspicious directories or folders accessible by environment variables that may indicate malware activity.
Script interpreters (cscript, wscript, mshta, powershell) executing from folders like Temp, Public, or user profile directories may suggest attempts to evade detection or execute malicious scripts.
Author: Josh Nickels, Marius Rothenbücher
· 2024-09-06 · logsource: product=windows category=dns_query · 12310575-e8b1-475c-a976-57ed540b349c
Detects unusual domain resolutions originating from CScript/WScript that can identify malicious javascript files executing in an environment, often as a result from a phishing or watering hole attack.
Author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems)
· 2021-11-20 (modified 2023-03-29) · logsource: product=windows category=file_event · 1277f594-a7d1-4f28-a2d3-73af5cbeab43
Detects Windows shells and scripting applications that write files to suspicious folders
Author: frack113, Tim Shelton (update fp)
· 2022-12-05 (modified 2025-03-06) · logsource: product=windows category=process_creation · 178e615d-e666-498b-9630-9ed363038101
Detects when a shell program such as the Windows command prompt or PowerShell is launched with system privileges from a uncommon parent location.
Author: Micah Babinski
· 2023-10-15 · logsource: product=windows category=file_event · 1a433e1d-03d2-47a6-8063-ece992cf4e73
Detects the usage of curl.exe, KeyScramblerLogon, or other non-standard/suspicious processes used to create Autoit3.exe.
This activity has been associated with DarkGate malware, which uses Autoit3.exe to execute shellcode that performs
process injection and connects to the DarkGate command-and-control server. Curl, KeyScramblerLogon, and these other
processes consitute non-standard and suspicious ways to retrieve the Autoit3 executable.
Author: Andreas Braathen (mnemonic.io)
· 2023-11-14 · logsource: product=windows category=process_creation · 1ddaa9a4-eb0b-4398-a9fe-7b018f9e23db
Detects exploitation attempt of CVE-2023-22518 (Confluence Data Center / Confluence Server), where an attacker can exploit vulnerable endpoints to e.g. create admin accounts and execute arbitrary commands.
Author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems)
· 2023-01-02 · logsource: product=windows category=process_creation · 20a5ffa1-3848-4584-b6f8-c7c7fd9f69c8
Detects execution of ruby using the "-e" flag. This is could be used as a way to launch a reverse shell or execute live ruby code.
Author: Tim Rauch (rule), Elastic (idea)
· 2022-10-17 · logsource: product=macos category=process_creation · 234dc5df-40b5-49d1-bf53-0d44ce778eca
Detects when a built-in utility is used to decode and decrypt a payload after a macOS disk image (DMG) is executed. Malware authors may attempt to evade detection and trick users into executing malicious code by encoding and encrypting their payload and placing it in a disk image file. This behavior is consistent with adware or malware families such as Bundlore and Shlayer.
Author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems)
· 2023-06-14 · logsource: product=windows category=process_creation · 236d8e89-ed95-4789-a982-36f4643738ba
Detects execution of the "VMwareToolBoxCmd.exe" with the "script" and "set" flag to setup a specific script that's located in a potentially suspicious location to run for a specific VM state
Author: Nasreddine Bencherchali (Nextron Systems), X__Junior (Nextron Systems)
· 2024-01-11 · logsource: product=windows category=process_creation · 2433a154-bb3d-42e4-86c3-a26bdac91c45
Detects the execution of a renamed "PingCastle" binary based on the PE metadata fields.
All 95 rules on the technique page →
T1078 Valid Accounts exploitation technique
- DET0560 Detection of Valid Account Abuse Across Platforms
AN1543 WindowsDetection of compromised or misused valid accounts via anomalous logon patterns, abnormal logon types, and inconsistent geographic or time-based activity across Windows endpoints.Tunable:
LogonTypeTimeWindowGeoIPMismatchAN1544 LinuxDetection of valid account misuse through SSH logins, sudo/su abuse, and service account anomalies outside expected patterns.Tunable:UserContextHostDensityThresholdLoginMethodAN1545 macOSDetection of interactive and remote logins by service accounts or users at unusual times, with unexpected child process activity.Tunable:LoginOriginProcessTreeDepthAN1546 Identity ProviderDetection of valid account abuse in IdP logs via geographic anomalies, impossible travel, risky sign-ins, and multiple MFA attempts or failures.Tunable:MFAFailureCountRiskScoreThresholdIPGeoVelocityAN1547 ContainersDetection of containerized service accounts or compromised kubeconfigs being used for cluster access from unexpected nodes or IPs.Tunable:ServiceAccountScopeClusterIPWhitelist
Sigma rules tagged attack.t1078 (56)
Author: Mark Morowczynski '@markmorow', Gloria Lee, '@gleeiamglo'
· 2023-09-03 · logsource: product=azure service=riskdetection · 128faeef-79dd-44ca-b43c-a9e236a60f49
Detects sign-in with properties that are unfamiliar to the user. The detection considers past sign-in history to look for anomalous sign-ins.
Author: Josh Nickels, Marius Rothenbücher
· 2025-01-08 · logsource: product=m365 service=audit · 13f2d3f5-6497-44a7-bf5f-dc13ffafe5dc
Detects a successful login to the Microsoft Intune Company Portal which could allow bypassing Conditional Access Policies and InTune device trust using a tool like TokenSmith.
Author: Mark Morowczynski '@markmorow', Gloria Lee, '@gleeiamglo'
· 2023-09-03 · logsource: product=azure service=riskdetection · 1a41023f-1e70-4026-921a-4d9341a9038e
Identifies two sign-ins originating from geographically distant locations, where at least one of the locations may also be atypical for the user, given past behavior.
Author: Mark Morowczynski '@markmorow', Bailey Bercik '@baileybercik'
· 2022-06-01 · logsource: product=azure service=signinlogs · 248649b7-d64f-46f0-9fb2-a52774166fb5
Device code flow is an OAuth 2.0 protocol flow specifically for input constrained devices and is not used in all environments.
If this type of flow is seen in the environment and not being used in an input constrained device scenario, further investigation is warranted.
This can be a misconfigured application or potentially something malicious.
Author: Micah Babinski (@micahbabinski), Zach Mathis (@yamatosecurity)
· 2023-01-19 (modified 2024-03-11) · logsource: product=windows service=security · 259a9cdf-c4dd-4fa2-b243-2269e5ab18a2
Detects successful logon from public IP address via RDP. This can indicate a publicly-exposed RDP port.
Author: Austin Songer
· 2021-09-06 (modified 2022-06-08) · logsource: product=azure service=auditlogs · 352a54e1-74ba-4929-9d47-8193d67aba1e
Identifies when an user or application modified the federation settings on the domain.
Author: jamesc-grafana
· 2024-07-11 · logsource: product=aws service=cloudtrail · 352a918a-34d8-4882-8470-44830c507aa3
Detects when an instance identity has taken an action that isn't inside SSM.
This can indicate that a compromised EC2 instance is being used as a pivot point.
Author: elhoim
· 2022-09-09 (modified 2023-01-04) · logsource: product=windows service=security · 39698b3f-da92-4bc6-bfb5-645a98386e45
Detects suspicious computer name samtheadmin-{1..100}$ generated by hacktool
Author: Florian Roth (Nextron Systems)
· 2017-03-17 (modified 2023-12-15) · logsource: product=windows service=security · 3ff152b2-1388-4984-9cd9-a323323fdadf
Detects interactive console logons to Server Systems
Author: MikeDuddington, '@dudders1'
· 2022-07-28 (modified 2026-05-09) · logsource: product=azure service=auditlogs · 4ad97bf5-a514-41a4-abd3-4f3455ad4865
Detects guest users being invited to tenant by non-approved inviters
Author: Tim Brown
· 2023-01-09 · logsource: product=cisco service=ldp · 50e606bf-04ce-4ca7-9d54-3449494bbd4b
Detects LDP failures which may be indicative of brute force attacks to manipulate MPLS labels
Author: Security Onion Solutions
· 2024-03-08 · logsource: product=opencanary category=application · 512cff7a-683a-43ad-afe0-dd398e872f36
Detects instances where a Telnet service on an OpenCanary node has had a login attempt.
Author: Mark Morowczynski '@markmorow', Bailey Bercik '@baileybercik'
· 2022-06-01 · logsource: product=azure service=signinlogs · 55695bc0-c8cf-461f-a379-2535f563c854
Resource owner password credentials (ROPC) should be avoided if at all possible as this requires the user to expose their current password credentials to the application directly.
The application then uses those credentials to authenticate the user against the identity provider.
Author: Tim Brown
· 2023-01-09 (modified 2023-01-23) · logsource: product=cisco service=bgp · 56fa3cd6-f8d6-4520-a8c7-607292971886
Detects BGP failures which may be indicative of brute force attacks to manipulate routing
Author: Harjot Singh, '@cyb3rjy0t'
· 2023-01-10 (modified 2025-07-02) · logsource: product=azure service=signinlogs · 572b12d4-9062-11ed-a1eb-0242ac120002
Detects risky authentication from a non AD registered device without MFA being required.
All 56 rules on the technique page →
T1136 Create Account primary impact
- DET0583 Detection Strategy for T1136 - Create Account across platforms
AN1604 WindowsAdversary uses built-in OS tools or API calls to create local or domain accounts for persistence or lateral movement. Tools such as 'net user', PowerShell, or MMC snap-ins may be used. Detection focuses on Event ID 4720 paired with process lineage and user context.Tunable:
TimeWindowParentProcessNameUserContextAN1605 LinuxAdversary invokes 'useradd', 'adduser', or equivalent system commands or scripts to create local users. Detection focuses on command execution and audit trail of passwd/shadow file modifications.Tunable:BinaryPathExecutionTimeAN1606 macOSAdversary creates new users using 'dscl' commands, GUI tools, or by modifying user plist files. Detection includes monitoring dscl invocation and user-related plist changes.Tunable:UsernamePatternExecutionSourceAN1607 Identity ProviderAdversary creates users via IAM/IdP API or portal (e.g., Azure AD, Okta). Detection involves monitoring API calls, admin action logs, and correlation with role assignments.Tunable:AdminThresholdAutomationExemptionsAN1608 IaaSAccount creation via cloud service APIs or CLI, often associated with key generation. Monitored via CloudTrail or equivalent audit logs.Tunable:RegionServiceScope
Sigma rules tagged attack.t1136 (3)
Author: Austin Songer @austinsonger
· 2021-07-24 (modified 2022-10-09) · logsource: product=aws service=cloudtrail · 4ae68615-866f-4304-b24b-ba048dfa5ca7
Detects when an ElastiCache security group has been created.
Author: Cedric Maurugeon
· 2023-08-22 · logsource: product=linux category=process_creation · b28e4eb3-8bbc-4f0c-819f-edfe8e2f25db
Detects user account creation on ESXi system via esxcli
Author: Leo Tsaousis (@laripping)
· 2024-03-26 · logsource: product=kubernetes category=application service=audit · e31bae15-83ed-473e-bf31-faf4f8a17d36
Detects creation of new Kubernetes service account, which could indicate an attacker's attempt to persist within a cluster.
Sigma rules tagged with this CVE directly
1 rule carries cve.2025-31161.
Author: Craig Sweeney, Matt Anderson, Jose Oregon, Tim Kasper, Faith Stratton, Samantha Shaw, Swachchhanda Shrawan Poudel (Nextron Systems)
· 2025-04-10 · logsource: product=windows category=process_creation · 459628e3-1b00-4e9b-9e5b-7da8961aea35
Detects suspicious child processes spawned by the CrushFTP service that may indicate exploitation of remote code execution vulnerabilities such as
CVE-2025-31161, where attackers can achieve RCE through crafted HTTP requests.
The detection focuses on commonly abused Windows executables (like powershell.exe, cmd.exe etc.) that attackers typically use post-exploitation to execute malicious commands.